This can be avoided by taking the two medications at least two hours apart. Over time, as new copies of HIV are made in the body, the virus changes its structure. These changes are called mutations and can cause HIV to resist the effects of anti-HIV drugs, which means those drugs will no longer work for you. To reduce the risk of developing drug resistance, all anti-HIV drugs should be taken every day exactly as prescribed and directed.
If doses are delayed, missed, or not taken as prescribed, levels of AZT in the blood may fall too low. If this happens, resistant virus can develop. If you find you are having problems taking your medications as directed, speak to your doctor and nurse about this.
They can find ways to help you. When HIV becomes resistant to one drug in a class, it sometimes becomes resistant to other drugs in that class. This is called cross-resistance. Feel free to talk with your doctor about your current and future treatment options. To help you decide what these future therapies might be, at some point your doctor can have a small sample of your blood analysed using resistance testing.
Should HIV in your body become resistant to AZT, your doctor, with the help of resistance testing, can help put together a new treatment regimen for you. The fixed-dose combinations Combivir and Trizivir are single tablets which combine AZT with other anti-HIV drugs, reducing the number of pills that need to be taken.
Trizivir contains the same combination as Combivir, plus mg abacavir Ziagen. The usual standard adult dose of AZT is mg per day, taken as mg twice a day, with or without food.
Formulations can change, and dosages may need to be customized. All medications should always be taken as prescribed and directed. Your doctor can tell you more about the availability and coverage of Retrovir in your region. Department of Health and Human Services.
Health Canada. Drug Products Database : www. Public Health Service Task Force. Abstract TuFo Assessment of adipokine expression and mitochondrial toxicity in HIV patients with lipoatrophy on stavudine- and zidovudine-containing regimens. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes ;40 5 Severe anemia secondary to a probable drug interaction between zidovudine and valproic acid. Clinical Infectious Diseases ;38 5 :ee Effects of zidovudine, stavudine, and beta-aminoisobutyric acid on lipid homeostasis in mice: possible role in human fat wasting.
Antiviral Therapy ;9 5 AIDS ;18 7 Improvement in lipoatrophy associated with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients switched from stavudine to abacavir or zidovudine: the results of the TARHEEL study. Clinical Infectious Diseases ;38 2 Lancet ; Toxicity of antiviral nucleoside analogs and the human mitochondrial DNA polymerase.
Severe peripheral neuropathy painful sensations due to nerve damage in the hands and feet often develops in people taking stavudine or other drugs in its class. People with peripheral neuropathy who were taking one of these drugs were found to be deficient in acetyl-L-carnitine. In a preliminary trial, supplementing with 1, mg of acetyl-L-carnitine twice a day resulted in improvement in the neuropathy after six months in people taking stavudine or related drugs.
Similar benefits were seen in another study that used the same amount of acetyl-L-carnitine. Animal research suggests that zinc and N-acetyl cysteine supplementation may protect against AZT toxicity.
It is not known whether oral supplementation with these nutrients would have similar effects in people taking AZT. A common side effect of antibiotics is diarrhea , which may be caused by the elimination of beneficial bacteria normally found in the colon.
Controlled studies have shown that taking probiotic microorganisms—such as Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus acidophilus , Bifidobacterium longum , or Saccharomyces boulardii —helps prevent antibiotic-induced diarrhea.
The diarrhea experienced by some people who take antibiotics also might be due to an overgrowth of the bacterium Clostridium difficile , which causes a disease known as pseudomembranous colitis. Controlled studies have shown that supplementation with harmless yeast—such as Saccharomyces boulardii or Saccharomyces cerevisiae baker's or brewer's yeast —helps prevent recurrence of this infection.
Treatment with antibiotics also commonly leads to an overgrowth of yeast Candida albicans in the vagina candida vaginitis and the intestines sometimes referred to as "dysbiosis". Controlled studies have shown that Lactobacillus acidophilus might prevent candida vaginitis.
AZT can inhibit crucial DNA-related riboflavin activity, which may be normalized by riboflavin supplementation. A year-old woman with AIDS and lactic acidosis received a single dose of 50 mg of riboflavin, after which her laboratory tests returned to normal and her lactic acidosis was completely resolved. More research is needed to confirm the value of riboflavin for preventing and treating this side effect. Thymopentin is a small protein that comes from a natural hormone in the body known as thymopoietin.
This hormone stimulates production of the white blood cells known as T lymphocytes. Thymopentin alone did not seem to have a benefit in this study. NIAID plays a role in many stages of the antiretroviral drug discovery and development process. The search for new drugs remains a priority due to the development of resistance against existing drugs and the unwanted side effects associated with some current drugs.
NIAID supports basic research to identify novel strategies to prevent HIV from taking hold and replicating in the body, as well as preclinical research to formulate antiretroviral drugs that can be tested in people. NIAID also helps advance clinical drug development. Learn more about pediatric HIV treatment research. In addition to drug discovery, NIAID-supported research has contributed to optimizing antiretroviral therapy by reducing the number of pills needed, decreasing side effects, and determining the best drug combinations.
NIAID-supported research also has provided clear-cut scientific evidence supporting current recommendations that all people diagnosed with HIV begin treatment immediately. Read more about Starting and Staying on Antiretroviral Treatment. Used alone, AZT decreased deaths and opportunistic infections, albeit with serious adverse effects. AZT, also referred to as zidovudine, belongs to a class of drugs known as nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, or NRTIs.
The ACTG, established in , quickly began work to build on this discovery. NIAID-supported researchers developed cell culture and biochemical test systems that allowed researchers to more easily screen drug candidates, and NIAID also played a key role in the development of animal models for preclinical testing. Viral load describes the amount of HIV in the blood. These advances made it possible for researchers to use lab test results, viral load measurements in particular, to assess how well an investigational antiretroviral agent worked.
This approach required drug trials to last roughly 6 months, whereas relying solely on clinical indicators, such as progression to AIDS or death, ordinarily required trials to last years before a result was available. The limitations of single-drug treatment regimens quickly became apparent. HIV replicates swiftly and is prone to errors each time it does. These errors, or mutations, cause small changes in the virus. HIV variants with mutations that confer resistance to an antiretroviral drug can evolve rapidly.
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Brand Name:. Other Names:. Drug Class:. Drug Image s : Click to enlarge. What are the most important things to know about zidovudine? Contact your health care provider right away if you develop a rash while taking zidovudine. Contact your health care provider right away if you have any of the following symptoms of severe anemia or neutropenia: Unusual bleeding or bruising Fever, chills, or other symptoms of infection Unusual tiredness or weakness Pale skin Worsening of liver disease sometimes resulting in death has occurred in people with both HIV and hepatitis C virus infection HCV who were taking HIV medicines and interferon with or without ribavirin.
What is zidovudine? To prevent mother-to-child transmission perinatal transmission of HIV. When used to prevent mother-to-child transmission, zidovudine is given to women with HIV during pregnancy and childbirth and to their infants after birth. What should I tell my health care provider before taking zidovudine?
Before using zidovudine, tell your health care provider: If you are allergic to zidovudine, latex, or any other medicines. If you have ever had liver or kidney disease. If you have ever had any blood disorders, such as anemia or neutropenia. If you have ever had myopathy muscle disease. If you have any other medical conditions.
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