Children were running around, but the parents in the stands were silent. There was an atrocious smell. The few toilets were quickly clogged. I saw adults go to the bathroom everywhere. There were no plans in place to accommodate so many people.
Water and food were in short supply. The hygiene conditions were appalling. But the arrival of old people and people in wheelchairs later that evening appeared to contradict this story.
We have to escape! I was very shy. I tried to slip behind the police, but I was constantly pushed inside. She had run away 20 minutes after me. She had also managed to slip behind a policeman. She hung on the arm of a street-sweeper and pretended to know him.
The two women found refuge for a few weeks with their friends; Sarah even took lessons with false papers. But in May , after being denounced, she was arrested with her mother and deported to Auschwitz and then to Bergen-Belsen. More united than ever, they managed to survive and were eventually released on April 15, There were some who did it during the raid, or who warned people. In all, some 77, Jews living on French territory perished in concentration camps and killing centers —the overwhelming majority of them at Auschwitz.
For his prominent role in the deportation of Jews from France, Pierre Laval, formerly the French Prime Minister, was arrested and tried after the liberation of France. He was shot by firing squad on 15 October Helmut Knochen, sentenced by a British court to 21 years in prison for a separate offense, was sentenced to death by a French court in The sentence was commuted to life imprisonment, and Knochen was released on orders of French President Charles de Gaulle in November In , French justice authorities in Paris indicted Bousquet for his participation in the deportation of Jews from France.
Christian Didier, a mentally ill individual, assassinated Bousquet in his home in Paris on June 8, , before proceedings could take place. It failed to keep its word and delivered those under its protection to their executioners. Klarsfeld, Serge. Paris: Fayard, New York: Hill and Wang, Paris: Editions Robert Laffont, Paxton, Robert O. Columbia University Press, We would like to thank Crown Family Philanthropies and the Abe and Ida Cooper Foundation for supporting the ongoing work to create content and resources for the Holocaust Encyclopedia.
Do you have a question about the Holocaust? Ask Here. More Facts See All. Why did the Evian Conference on refugees achieve nothing? What happened at Babi Yar near Kyiv in September ? Who was Reinhard Heydrich? It was Lambert who said he could turn the hall into a sports arena with a track metres long and eight metres wide. The first meeting there, on 20 December , had an audience of 20, They paid seven francs for the best view and a single franc to see hardly anything at all.
The seating was primitive and there was no heating. The first event was not a cycle race but a walking competition over metres. The first cycling competition was a race ridden behind pacing motorcycles. Only one rider - Cissac - managed to complete the 16km, the others having crashed on the unaccustomed steepness of the track banking. Change of name and track In the Salle des Machines was listed for demolition, to improve the view of the Eiffel Tower.
Lambert built two tiers of seats, which towered above bankings so steep for their day that they were considered cliff-like. In the track centre Lambert built a roller-skating rink of 2, square metres. He lit the whole lot with 1, hanging lamps. Chany, Pierre "La Fabuleuse Histoire du Cyclisme", Nathan, France ] The richer and more knowledgeable spectators bought seats in the trackside seats and the rest crowded into the upper balcony from which the track looked a distant bowl. A rivalry grew up between those in the top row and those below them, to the extent that those on high sometimes threw sausages, bread rolls and even bottles on to those below or, if they could throw that far, on to the track.
The hall's managers had to install a net to catch the larger missiles. The new formula was created in America at Madison Square Garden. The first such six-day race at the Vel' d'Hiv' started on 13 January The race began at 6pm and by 9pm all 20, seats were sold.
Among those who watched was the millionaire Henri de Rothschild , who offered a prize of francs, and the dancer Mistinguett , who offered f. The winners were Goulet and Fogler, an American-Australian pairing. There were mounted police all round the block, barriers were erected some way from the building, and if you did not have a ticket or a pass to show, you were not allowed anywhere near the place.
You can guess that the disappointed fans often produced a near-riot. Races at the Vel' d'Hiv' were sometimes doubted for their genuineness. While the spectacle drew large and even capacity crowds, the best riders were rumoured to control the race.
The French journalist Pierre Chany wrote: :"There was a lot of talk about the relative honesty of the results, and journalists sometimes asked themselves what importance they ought to place on victories in these six-day races. The best of the field combined between themselves, it was known, to fight against other teams and to get their own hands on the biggest prizes, which they then shared between them.
This coalition, cruelly nicknamed the Blue Train [after a luxury rail service patronised by the rich] imposed its rule and sometimes even the times of the race, the length of the rest periods.
0コメント