They are found in soil and water, especially near cattle farms, indicating that these animals may contribute to L. The organisms can also be found in raw milk and foods made from raw milk see Table. Listeriosis was first recognized as a foodborne illness in the early s. However, contamination can occur after pasteurization or cooking by contact with contaminated surfaces in food preparation areas.
Most human infections that occur after oral ingestion of contaminated food are asymptomatic or result in a self-limited, localized gastrointestinal tract illness with fever and diarrhea. However, invasive disease may occur in some patients. Invasive disease can present as bacteremia without an evident focus or bacteremia with localization in distant organs such as the central nervous system meningitis, meningoencephalitis, or abscess of the brain or spinal cord , bone osteomyelitis , joints monoarticular septic arthritis , or vasculature endocarditis or endarteritis, such as mycotic aneurysm of the abdominal aorta.
Human-to-human transmission of Listeria is otherwise not known to occur. The infective dose — that is, the number of bacteria that must be ingested to cause illness — is not known, but it is likely to vary with the virulence of a particular strain and susceptibility of the host. Ingestion of a large number of Listeria is likely necessary to cause illness in healthy individuals, but only a few bacteria in people at high risk for infection may be sufficient to cause illness.
Gastric acidity is a natural barrier for enteric pathogens like Listeria , and elevating gastric pH could possibly reduce resistance to infection with these organisms.
Studies in rats have shown that cimetidine, a histamine H2 receptor antagonist that inhibits stomach acid production, significantly lowers the infective dose of virulent L. Similarly, use of proton pump inhibitors — drugs that also reduce gastric acid production — significantly increased risk for listeriosis in people aged 45 years and older in a population-based, case-control study using Danish health registries.
Invasive disease occurs most frequently in persons aged 65 years and older, pregnant women and immunocompromised hosts. Pregnancy-associated listeriosis is usually a mild illness in the mother, but it is often associated with fetal death, premature delivery or severe neonatal disease. Other risk factors include advanced age, recent cancer chemotherapy, Hodgkin lymphoma and lymphatic leukemia.
Localized skin infections can occur in veterinarians and farmers by direct contact with infected animals, usually following exposure to products of conception.
One case has been reported in a gardener following exposure to soil or vegetation. However, those at risk can be severely affected, and mortality rates are relatively high. Listeriosis, also called Listeria , can be a serious infection; it strikes pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and anyone with a weakened immune system. In this article, we will look at the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of listeriosis.
We will also discuss how the bacteria works, the best ways to avoid infection, and recent research into preventing the disease. Listeriosis is an infection caused by Listeria bacteria, named after Joseph Lister, the surgeon and pioneer of antiseptic surgery. There are 10 distinct species of Listeria ; the variant that most commonly impacts humans is Listeria monocytogenes.
Listeria is responsible for around 1, illnesses and deaths in the United States yearly, exceeding the fatality rates of Salmonella and Clostridium botulinum. This rate of infection has remained relatively stable over recent years.
Normally caused by eating contaminated food, around percent of listeriosis cases are fatal. The initial symptoms of listeriosis might not become apparent for some time; the incubation period is variable and can be anything from days after consuming food with Listeria. For many people, a Listeria infection will pass unnoticed. However, in some individuals, the infection will spread to the nervous system where symptoms might include:. In susceptible individuals, listeriosis can lead to a serious blood infection septicemia or inflammation of the membranes around the brain meningitis.
Pregnant women are 10 times more likely to develop listeriosis than the general population. The incidence of listeriosis during pregnancy is 12 per ,, compared with 0. While a mother with a Listeria infection may not show any outward symptoms, an unborn child might be severely affected.
Hain T. Darji A. Nichterlein T. Wehland J. Rasmussen O. Beck T. Olsen J. Dons L. Mullis K. Cold Spring Harbour Symp. Allerberger F. Aznar R. Abu Al-Soud W. Lantz P. Tjerneld F. Borch E. Hahn-Hagerdal B. B: Biomed. Bickley J. Short J. McDowell D. Simon M. Gray D. Agersborg A. Dahl R. Niederhauser C. Luthy J. Cell Probes 8 , — Duffy G. Cloak O. Sheridan J. Blair I. Lampel K. Orlandi P. Grif K. Hein I. Brandl E.
Mpamugo O. McLauchlin J. Dierich M. Hudson J. Lake R. Savill M. Scholes P. Garrec N. Pourcher A. Perelle S. Methods 55 , — Lawrence L. Bansal N. McDonell F. Smith A. Arnold G. Wesley I. Harmon K. Dickson J. Jaton K. Sahli R. Olcen P. Backman A. Radstrom P. Cell Probes 13 , 49 — Chen W. Paulus B. Wilson I. De Block J. Park S. Seo S. Park J. Stewart D. Norton D. Scarlett J. Horton K. Sue D.
Thimothe J. Boor K. McCamey M. Bhaduri S. Hoffman A. Shearer A. Strapp C. Silbernagel K. Jechorek R. Barbour W. Mrozinski P. Alejo W. Aleo V. Andaloro B. Beacorn F. Benzinger J. Bogar S. Brayman C. Broom J. Carson M.
Carver C. Cheng C. Centrella B. Clayborn J. Collins C. Deibel C. Divine M. Farmer D. Frye S. Gatesy T. Goodstein E. Halker C. Hall G. Hanson P. Hartman G. Heddaeus K. Hembree J. Hutchins J. Jenkins J. Kremer S. Lal A. Leighton S. Lester D. Lewis J. Lin J. Martin J. Maselli M. McCarthy P. McGovern B. Mills M. Mohnke F. Moon B. Moss D. Plaza M. Robeson S. Romero H. Rubalcaba D. Seehusen J. Shaw C. Siem K. Sloan E. Stanerson J. Stepanova N. Van K. Van Enkenvoort K.
Vialpando M. Warren W. Watts K. Wilson K. Patscheider G. Wan J. King K. Forsyth S. Koo K. Somer L. Sontakke S. Drebot M. Neal S. Graham T. Golsteyn-Thomas E. Thomas J. Gannon V. Can J. Paillard D. Dubois V. Duran R. Nathier F. Guittet C. Caumette P. Sallen B. Rajoharison A.
Desvarenne S. Quinn F. Jaradat Z. Schutze G. Longhi C. Maffeo A. Penta M. Winters D. Maloney T. Cell Probes 13 , — Heuvelman C. Fluit A. Torensma R. Visser M. Aarsman C. Poppelier M. Keller B. Klapwijk P. Gilot P. Furrer B. Candrian U. Hoefelein C.
Thomas E. King R. Burchak J. Paziak-Domanska B. Boguslawska E. Wieckowska-Szakiel M. Kotlowski R. Rozalska B. Chmiela M. Kur J. Dabrowski W. Greer G. Nattress F. Dilts B. Border P. Howard J. Plastow G. Starbuck M. Hill P. Fitter S. Heuzenroeder M. Hofelein C. Jermini M.
Buhler H. Choi W. Vines A. Reeves M. Johnson W. Tyler S. Ewan E. Ashton F. Wang G. Rossen L. Holmstrom K. Jothikumar N. Wang X. Rantsiou K. Iacumin L. Klein D. Lehner A. Pipan C. Falasca E. Botta G. Scheu P. Gasch A. Ericsson H. Stalhandske P. Danielsson-Tham M. Bille J. Giovannacci I. Ragimbeau C. Queguiner S. Salvat G. Vendeuvre J. Carlier V. Pangallo D. Kaclikova E. Kuchta T. Brackett R. Unnerstad H. Nilsson I. Liu D. Ainsworth A. These biofilms can act as reservoirs of persistent L.
The presence of Listeria species in the food factory environment is often used as an indicator for L. Listeriosis is usually acquired through foodborne transmission, except for fetal or neonatal infection, which is usually acquired in utero.
Cutaneous infections have been reported very rarely among veterinarians and farmers following direct animal contact, particularly involving livestock products of conception 3. Listeria monocytogenes is most likely to sicken adults aged 65 or older, pregnant women and their newborns, and people with weakened immune systems.
Other people can be infected with Listeria monocytogenes , but they rarely become seriously ill. The symptoms of infection include fever, muscle aches, and sometimes nausea or diarrhea. Bacteremia is one of the main forms of listeriosis. If infection spreads to the nervous system, headache, stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance and convulsions may occur, followed by meningitidis. In otherwise healthy individuals, infection is usually mild. However, in pregnant women, infection can lead to miscarriage, stillbirth, premature delivery, or infection of the newborn.
People with a damaged immune system and the elderly are also at increased risk of more severe disease. The disease has a high fatality rate and high hospitalization rate in the susceptible population 4. Listeriosis can be treated if diagnosed early.
When infection occurs during pregnancy, prompt administration of antibiotics prevents infection of the fetus or newborn. Depending on the form of the disease, the recommended treatment is amoxicillin with gentamicin.
0コメント